Vždycky mě fascinovalo, jak se na podzim mění zelená barva listů ve všechny barevné odstíny. Letos už to zase začíná, a tak jsem se rozhodla, přijít celému procesu na kloub. A napsat o něm článek. Protože podzim podle mě není vůbec smutným a šedivým obdobím. Ale krásnou a pestrou paletou plnou barev.
Co ovlivňuje barevnost listí
Venkovní teplota i opadávání listů
Obecně vzato, za vše může počasí. Spolu s barvením listů úzce souvisí další znak podzimu: opadávání listí ze stromů. Začíná to mrazem. Jakmile teploty klesnou pod nulu (nebo se jí přiblíží), začíná se v tělech stromů zvětšovat objem vody. Jde o klasický fyzikální jev, kdy voda při zmrznutí zvětší svůj původní objem. A to se děje i v listech. V těch se pak tvoří vodní krystalky, které listy poškozují. Poškozené listy začínají postupně opadávat. Tím se nám rozpletla jedna záhada podzimu. Jak ale souvisí s barvením listů?
Protože příroda je, podle mého skromného názoru, mnohem chytřejší než my, chce z každého listu před jeho poškozením zachránit co nejvíce živin. A co nejvíce vody. Proto strom začíná při prvních mrazících a při prvním poškozování listů stahovat vodu a živiny z listů zpět do kmene. Aby o ně nepřišel, až listy opadají. Pro stromy (tak jako pro všechny rostliny) je asi nejcennější chlorofyl. Pamatujete, ne? Učili nás to ve škole.
Chlorofyl a další barviva
Díky chlorofylu probíhá v rostlinách za pomoci světla fotosyntéza, životně důležitý biologický proces. A protože je chlorofyl barvivo, zelené, barví rostliny do zelena. Včetně listů. A teď zpět k tomu, co se děje, když strom začne stahovat chlorofyl a vodu z listí do větví, kmene a kořenů.
Jak ubývá chlorofyl, ubývá zelená barva. A do popředí se dostávají jiná barviva obsažená v listech. Podle toho, jaká barviva se v listech nacházejí (a v jak velkém zastoupení), se pak listí zbarvuje. Obvykle do žluté, oranžové až po červenou. Které barvivo stojí za jakou barvou?
Zelené listy
Už víme, že za zelenou barvou listí i celých rostlin stojí barvivo chlorofyl. Konkrétně chlorofyl a + chlorofyl b. Dalšími barvivy obsaženými v listech jsou karotenoidy a antokyany. Ty jsou ale v listech obsažené v menším množství. Jak chlorofyl ubývá, dostávají se do popředí právě karotenoidy a antokyany.
Žluté listy
Za žluté listy mohou karotenoidy. Ty způsobují také oranžovou barvu listů. Množství různých barviv v listech ovlivňuje jejich celkové zbarvení, proto můžeme vidět například listy červenooranžové. Různá barviva se v listech mísí a vytváří nádherná barevná spojení.
Červené listy
Červená barva vzniká díky antokyanům. Ty na jaře vybarvují také květy a plody rostlin. Opět platí čím více antokyanů, tím červenější listy. Někdy mohou být zbarvené až do fialova. Hnědou barvu vytváří melaniny.
A to jsou ta mnohdy nedoceněná kouzla přírody, díky kterým podzim hraje všemi barvami.
Ahoj, já jsem Barča, miluju přírodu, píšu pro vás články, tvořím nové recepty a dělám to, co mě baví 🙂
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